Historic England
EVIDENCE
Terminology covering the existing physical remains of a monument, or the means by which a monument has been identified where no physical remains exist
Uncertain
Uncertain Evidence
Current recorded information does not give the evidence for a monument, or the information is regarded as unreliable.
Building Foundation
Partially Demolished Building
Demolished Building
A monument previously consisting of a built structure, but which has been demolished, such that only a ground plan and foundations or similar are thought to remain. Where all below ground traces have also been removed use DESTROYED MONUMENT.
Roofed Building
Building Complex
Roofed Ruin
Building Bonded
Building Other
Inhabited Building
Uninhabited Building
Partially Destroyed Monument
Extant Building
Monument with roof or walls intact or substantially intact, significant survival of original features, even if building no longer in use for original function.
Plough Levelled Earthwork
Levelled Earthwork
Monument visible as remains of former earthworks.
Other Structure
Standing Monument
Standing Structure Bonded
Standing Structure Unbonded
Ruined Structure Bonded
Ruined Structure Unbonded
Ruined Structure
Manmade, roofless edifice or construction visible as substantial aboveground remains retaining evidence of architecture and materials, but which has been substantially destroyed.
Extant Structure
Manmade roofless edifice or construction which is intact or substantially intact, with significant survival of original features, even if no longer serving original intended function.
Demolished Structure
A monument consisting of a built structure, but which has been demolished so that only a ground plan and foundations, or similar, are thought to remain. Where all below ground traces have also been removed use DESTROYED MONUMENT.
Structure
Manmade building, edifice or construction of assembled material parts.
Ap Site
Ap Enclosure
Ap Linear Feature
Ap Macula
Parchmark
Crop Mark
Cropmark
Monument visible as a mark in standing crops or parchmarks, but where no subsurface deposits have been proven eg by excavation or other ground disturbance, in which case SUB SURFACE DEPOSIT should be used.
Soil Mark
Soilmark
Monument visible, usually from the air, due to the fill of features being of a different colour than the surrounding subsoil. Soilmarks show up well in ploughed fields or areas where the topsoil has been stripped. Term derived from AN32 Glossary
Submerged
Submerged Monument
Monument visible on the sea, lake or river bed, either totally submerged at all times, or exposed at low tide, low water conditions etc.
Subterranean
Subterranean Feature
Monument visible as a below ground manmade structure. Use for tunnels, mineworking, cellars, shelters.
Destroyed
Destroyed Monument
All physical evidence for a monument has certainly been completely destroyed (allowing no future reinvestigation) by activity implying substantial ground disturbance. Eg quarrying, road cutting, or natural disaster, erosion, acts of God etc.
Flat Accumulated
Flat Unaccumulated
Sub Surface Deposit
Monument either never or no longer visible above ground surface, but whose presence is indicated by proven below ground stratigraphy revealed by deliberate investigation, including geophysical survey, or other surface disturbance.
Ruined Building
Monument visible as substantial above ground remains, retaining evidence of architecture and materials, with walls partially or completely intact but with roof and interior walls substantially or completely destroyed.
Cartographic Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Monument known only from primary documentary sources eg books, maps, legal records, where no physical evidence exists. Use also where a monument has been planned but never constructed.
Earthwork
Monument existing as an upstanding earthwork, ditch or artificial watercourse, or as a low stone built feature not covered by the other categories.
Enhanced Natural Feature
Natural feature or area deliberately enhanced to construct a monument, eg rock carving, cave, rock shelter.
Natural Feature
Monument thought to be archaeological or historical but proved to be natural.
Architectural Component
Monument whose existence is inferred from the traces of architectural features. Eg include shadow marks on building walls or beams, pillars, floors incorporated into a later structure, suggesting the existence of an earlier building.
Botanical Feature
A monument composed of plants or trees which are still extant. Especially relevant for park and garden features. For example tree avenue, orchard, rose garden and lawn.
Modified Surface
A monument where the evidence that defines the type of the monument derives from the nature of surface markings. Examples include graffitti on quarry walls.
Wreckage
The fragmentary or substantial remains of a vehicle or aircraft. Where recovered from excavation double index with SUB SURFACE DEPOSIT.
Surface Deposit
A deposit that forms the ground surface (when the evidence is collected), particularly a hard surface such as a floor or road.
Excavated Feature
Feature visible following archaeological excavation
Designed Landscape
A landscape which has been specifically designed or modified. Often indicated by proven below ground stratigraphy, revealed by deliberate investigation including geophysical survey, or other surface monuments or structures.
Environmental Evidence
Evidence of past environmental conditions, eg insect, seed, pollen remains
Architectural Element
An element such as a window, door or wall decoration, usually associated with a larger monument but which may be found in isolation. For example a stained glass window or panelling saved from a demolished building.
Movable Object
An object such as an organ, display case or piece of furniture such as a pew, usually associated with a larger monument but which may be found in isolation. For example a war memorial roll of honour in its display case.
Physical Evidence
Not to be used for indexing. Broad term used to assist retreival of all monuments where physical evidence is recorded.
Buried Vessel Structure
A maritime monument where the vessel remains are buried in the sea bed.
Coherent Vessel Structure
A maritime monument where the hull structure and fabric of a vessel remain wholly or mainly intact.
Collapsed Vessel Structure
A maritime monument where the fabric of a vessel has collapsed, leaving the hull structure flat on the sea bed but not widely dispersed.
Intact Vessel Structure
A maritime monument where the hull of a vessel is mostly in one piece, with large pieces of the superstructure intact.
Scattered Vessel Structure
A maritime monument where the remains of a vessel are scattered over a wide area.
Vessel Structure
A maritime monument where the remains of a vessel are known to exist but where no detailed information is available.
Conjectural Evidence
Monument type/interpretation is inferred, based on informed speculation eg by comparison with similar monuments, proximity to other monuments, topography, site character etc.
Placename Evidence
Use where the presence or nature of a monument is inferred from placenames or placename elements.
Oral Evidence
A monument whose presence is inferred from verbally delivered information drawn from the speaker's personal knowledge.
Marine Trawling Plot
An object in the sea bed recorded on the Hydrographic Office plot of objects snagged by nets during trawling.
Implied Evidence
Not to be used for indexing. Broad term to assist retreival of all monuments where nonphysical evidence is recorded.
Echosounder Trace
An object in the sea bed detected by marine survey equipment that shows the contours of the sea bed beneath a vessel.
Marine Magnetometer Reading
Maritime monument identified as a ferrous object lying on the sea bed detected using marine surveying equipment that detects localised anomalies in the Earth's magnetic field.
Multibeam Survey
A marine survey in which a multielement transducer provides many (30150) individual soundings of the water depth and echo strength for each ping.
Marine Geophysical Evidence
A monument visible as a trace on marine survey equipment
Unstratified Find
Monument whose presence is inferred by discovery of unstratified artefacts, for instance in plough soil.
Artefact Scatter
A distribution of artefacts indicating the presence, or former presence, of a monument.
Destroyed Artefact
Any portable artefact of any material which does not qualify as a monument or structure in its own right, and which has been destroyed accidentally or deliberately, either by natural processes or by human agency, such as the explosion of ordnance.
Find
Monument whose existence is indicated by the discovery of isolated artefacts or an artefact scatter. Eg a scatter of roofing tiles indicating the presence of a building. Use narrow terms where circumstances of discovery are known.
Magnetometer Reading
A potential monument identified as a ferrous object detected using geophysical surveying equipment that detects localised anomalies in the Earth's magnetic field.
Geophysical Evidence
A monument visible as a trace on geophysical survey equipment
Side Scan Sonar Contact
An object projecting out of the sea bed detected by marine survey equipment that emits and receives high frequency sound waves projected sideways from a boat or towed array.
Sonar Contact
An object lying on the sea bed detected by marine survey equipment that emits and receives high frequency sound waves.
Evidence
Do not use
Building
Monument with a roof and walls or evidence of these.
Stratified Find
A Monument whose presence is inferred from artefacts found in stratified below ground deposits, as distinct from surface collection or chance find.
Moved Building
A building which has been moved from its original site either through active human intervention or natural processes such as erosion. For structures or objects such as gravestones use MOVED STRUCTURE.
Moved Structure
A manmade construction or object (such as a gravestone) which has been moved from its original site either through active human intervention or natural processes such as erosion. For buildings which have been moved use MOVED BUILDING.
Burial
The deliberate deposit of a body in the ground, usually located in a special area set aside for the purpose of burial, such as a graveyard or cemetery.